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Updated: Dec 28, 2022



 


 


PENAL CODE


Algirdas Šemeta

Commissioner for Taxation, Customs, Statistics, Audit and Anti-Fraud, European Commission


The network includes nine agencies: CEPOL, EASO, EIGE, EMCDDA, eu-LISA, Eurojust, Europol, FRA and Frontex. The JHA agencies take turns in chairing the network. Europol is the chair in 2019.

 

MALTA

 

FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND




Much like drug trafficking or arms dealing, human trafficking is also an illicit market and is controlled by the basic economic theories of supply and demand. As is common knowledge in the field of economics, once the demand lowers so does the supply.


Men who Buy Women and Children

Very few international organizations, government programs or NGOs even touch on the topic of demand in human trafficking and the organizations that do focus on demand tend to center their efforts on abolishing sex trafficking. Global Centurion, The SAGE Project and Stop Demand are three of the most vocal NGOs that concentrate solely on the demand side of sex trafficking. All three organizations unanimously agree that the only way to end human trafficking is to eradicate the demand.


The current public opinion that demonizes the prostituted women as immoral needs to shift that outrage to the consumers who purchase women for sex, only then will the demand for sex trafficking and therefore the supply end.


 
 

Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities.


not to have appreciated that the police are related to the exercise of political power and administration; the police function has fallen through the cracks existing between; specific function of seeing that the social order and individual behavior conforms to that defined in law = enforcement not invention.


The Civil Code of France contains no legal provisions that directly regulate the issue of civil liability of police officers in this country; If disciplinary responsibility; If disciplinary responsibility is a form of internal control, since internal investigations into the facts of misconduct by police officers is carried out by disciplinary committees, which include employees of the same police department where the offender is held, then civil liability is a form of external control, as everyone, whose rights or interests are violated as a result of misconduct by police officers, have the right to sue and to prosecute the perpetrators.

On the Procedure of Compensation for Damage Caused to a Citizen by the Illegal Actions of the Bodies Performing Operative Investigation Activities, Pre-trial Investigation Bodies, Prosecution and Judicial Authorities” that the injured party has the right to loss of profit compensation and to prescribe the mechanism of its compensation in a separate clause, as it is done in the relevant legal acts of France, because, notwithstanding the principle of full compensation for damage, the loss of profit issue is not included in the above mentioned Law.

the French legislator has created a special table that helps in calculating the amount of non-pecuniary damage.

The role of the National Police is to ensure law enforcement and crime prevention.

There is also a municipal police in the French police system, whose main task is daily police activity in cities. The competence of the municipal police includes all issues relating to the fight against crime and maintaining public order (OSCEPOLIS, 2017).


The course introduces participants to basic principles of community policing, confidence building, problem solving, conflict resolution, mediation and communication. It consist of the five major parts on team building development, community policing history and development, the roles of prevention office and the unit of prevention, police/community partnerships and legal framework.


In developing the Strategy, generally accepted international standards and assumed international-legal obligations were used, particularly those enshrined in the United Nations Charter, the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, and the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism. Furthermore, the Strategy upholds the objectives and values of the European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy, including other basic international counter-terrorism tools, as well as guidelines, priorities and efforts aimed at the prevention and suppression of violent extremism and radicalisation leading to terrorism, including all the current and future documents of relevant European institutions.


French domestic law on police use of force is broadly in line with international standards. But legislation in 2017 allows the police to use firearms other than where necessary to confront an imminent threat of death or serious injury or a grave and proximate threat to life.

1984 Convention against Torture (CAT)

https://www.google.com/search?q=1984+Convention+against+Torture+%28CAT%29+franch+police&ei=5U2PY5viK7rFkdUPvqukiA8&ved=0ahUKEwjb6PmyluX7AhW6YqQEHb4VCfEQ4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=1984+Convention+against+Torture+%28CAT%29+franch+police&gs_lcp=Cgxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAQAzIFCAAQogQyBQgAEKIEMgUIABCiBDoICAAQogQQsAM6BQghEKABOgcIIRCgARAKOgQIIRAVSgQIQRgBSgQIRhgAUOYEWPMWYPIYaAFwAHgAgAFdiAGFBZIBATmYAQCgAQHIAQLAAQE&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&safe=active&ssui=on




Definition

An advocate general is a magistrate who assists the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the performance of its functions. An advocate general is responsible for presenting an ‘opinion’ on the cases assigned to them with complete impartiality and independence.


Background and status

Initially, the CJEU had two advocates general, one French and one German. This number increased over time and, eventually, a number of advocates general posts were permanently assigned to the larger Member States, with the remaining posts rotated among the smaller countries. According to Article 252 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), ‘the Court of Justice shall be assisted by eight Advocates-General’ but, by request of the court, ‘the Council acting unanimously, may increase the number of Advocates-General’. Currently, there are 11 advocates general before the CJEU.


The role of advocate general is defined by Article 253 of the TFEU, which states:

It shall be the duty of the Advocate-General, acting with complete impartiality and independence, to make, in open court, reasoned submissions on cases which, in accordance with the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union, require his involvement.
(Article 253, TFEU)
 

The formulation of Article 1240 the Civil Code of France clearly defines that in order to bring a person to civil liability, there must be three elements:

1. Fault;

2. Damage;

3. The causal link between the fault and the damage caused.

The burden of proof of all these components of the offense fell on the applicant.

The foregoing articles prescribe the obligation to compensate for damage caused by wrongful acts.


non-cumul des responsabilites” (discrepancy of actions)

while tort law applies sanctions to the person, who ignores the rules, which are established by law


I care about them enforcing the law and doing their jobs according to the law!


2° When, after two summonses given aloud, they cannot otherwise defend the premises they occupy or the persons entrusted to them;

3° When, immediately after two summonses addressed aloud, they cannot compel to arrest, other than by the use of arms, persons who seek to escape their custody or their investigations and who are likely to perpetrate , in their flight, attacks on their life or physical integrity or those of others;

5° For the exclusive purpose of preventing the reiteration, in a short time, of one or more murders or attempted murders that have just been committed, when they have real and objective reasons to consider that this reiteration is likely given the information they have at the time they use their weapons


 

Superannuation:





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